Showing posts with label web. Show all posts
Showing posts with label web. Show all posts

Monday, April 2, 2012

Blog: To Convince People, Come at Them From Different Angles

To Convince People, Come at Them From Different Angles
Cornell Chronicle (04/02/12) Bill Steele

Cornell research on Facebook users' behavior demonstrates that people base decisions on the variety of social contexts rather than on the number of requests received. Social scientists previously envisioned the spread of ideas as similar to the spread of disease, but Cornell professor Jon Kleinberg says social contagion seems to be distinct from that model. "Each of us is sitting at a crossroads between the social circles we inhabit," he observes. "When a message comes at you from several directions, it may be more effective." The researchers worked with a database of 54 million email invitations from Facebook users inviting others to join the social network and analyzed the friendship links among inviters. The probability of a person joining increased with the number of different, unconnected social contexts represented. An analysis of the Facebook neighborhoods of 10 million new members seven days after joining identified clumps of friends linked to one another but not as much to people in other clumps. A follow-up check three months later found that people with more diverse clumps among their friends were more likely to be engaged. The researchers imply that mathematical models of how ideas proliferate across networks may require tweaking to account for the inclusion of neighborhood diversity.

Friday, March 30, 2012

Blog: Engineers Rebuild HTTP as a Faster Web Foundation

Engineers Rebuild HTTP as a Faster Web Foundation
CNet (03/30/12) Stephen Shankland

At the recent meeting of the Internet Engineering Task Force, the working group overseeing the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) formally opened a discussion about how to make the technology faster. The discussion included Google's SPDY technology and Microsoft's HTTP Speed+Mobility technology. Google's system prefers a required encryption, while Microsoft's preference is for it to be optional. Despite this and other subtle differences, there are many similarities between the two systems. "There's a lot of overlap [because] there's a lot of agreement about what needs to be fixed," says Greenbytes' Julian Reschke. SPDY already is built into Google Chrome and Amazon Silk, and Firefox is planning on adopting it soon. In addition, Google, Amazon, and Twitter are using SPDY on their servers. "If we do choose SPDY as a starting point, that doesn't mean it won't change," says HTTP Working Group chairman Mark Nottingham. SPDY's technology is based on sending multiple streams of data over a single network connection. SPDY also can assign high or low priorities to Web page resources being requested from a server. One difference between the Google and Microsoft proposals is in syntax, but SPDY developers are flexible on the choice of compression technology, says SPDY co-creator Mike Belshe.

Tuesday, March 27, 2012

Blog: Google Working on Advanced Web Engineering

Google Working on Advanced Web Engineering
InfoWorld (03/27/12) Joab Jackson

Google is developing several advanced programming technologies to ease complex Web application development. "We're getting to the place where the Web is turning into a runtime integration platform for real components," says Google researcher Alex Russell. He says one major shortcoming of the Web is that technologies do not have a common component model, which slows code testing and reuse. Google wants to introduce low-level control elements without making the Web stack more confusing for novices. Google's efforts include creating a unified component model, adding classes to JavaScript, and creating a new language for Web applications. By developing a unified component model for Web technologies, Google is setting the stage for developers to "create new instances of an element and do things with it," Russell says. Google engineers also are developing a proposal to add classes to the next version of JavaScript. "We're getting to the place where we're adding shared language for things we're already doing in the platform itself," Russell says. Google also is developing a new language called Dart, which aims to provide an easy way to create small Web applications while providing the support for large, complex applications as well, says Google's Dan Rubel.

Tuesday, March 6, 2012

Blog: W3C CEO Calls HTML5 as Transformative as Early Web

W3C CEO Calls HTML5 as Transformative as Early Web
Computerworld Canada (03/06/12) Shane Schick

World Wide Web Consortium CEO Jeff Jaffe says HTML5 will be among the most disruptive elements to hit organizations since the early days of the Internet. "We’re about to experience a generational change in Web technology, and just as the Web transformed every business, [HTML5] will lead to another transformation," Jaffe says. HTML5 features cross-browser capability, improved data integration, and a better way of handling video. Jaffe says HTML5 makes Web pages "more beautiful [and] intelligent," and also provides for improved accessibility for disabled users. “It won’t really be a standard until 2014, but in the Web ecosystem, nobody waits,” he says. “They’ll make minor adjustments once the standard is done.” For example, TeamLab recently launched the TeamLab Document Editor, an online word processing program. Document Editor uses Canvas, a part of HTML5 that allows for dynamic, scriptable rendering of two-dimensional shapes and bitmap images. Jaffe says HTML5 could benefit a range of industries, including retail, air travel, and the automotive industry.

Saturday, November 19, 2011

Blog: Google's Search Algorithm Challenged

Google's Search Algorithm Challenged
IDG News Service (11/19/11) Philip Willan

Padua University professor Massimo Marchiori is leading the development of Volunia, a new search engine that could challenge Google's search algorithm and lead to radically different search engines in the future. "It's not just Google plus 10 percent. It's a different perspective," says Marchiori, who contributed to the development of Google's search algorithm. "It's a new radical view of what a search engine of the future could be." Volunia's Web site allows visitors to sign up for a chance to test the beta version of the search engine, which will be launched in 12 languages by the end of the year. "If I didn't think it was something big, capable of competing with the giants of online search, I would never have got involved," Marchiori says. The project is headquartered in Padua, with funding being supplied by Sardinian entrepreneur Mariano Pireddu. "The difference of our search engine is what will enable us to emerge," Marchiori says. Pireddu says the Volunia researchers are not attempting to build a better search engine than Google's, but rather they are trying to create a different kind of search engine that can work alongside Google's.

Friday, November 11, 2011

Blog: HTML5: A Look Behind the Technology Changing the Web

HTML5: A Look Behind the Technology Changing the Web
Wall Street Journal (11/11/11) Don Clark

HTML5 is catching on as the online community embraces it. The programming standard allows data to be stored on a user's computer or mobile device so that Web apps can function without an Internet link. HTML5 also enables Web pages to boast jazzier images and effects, while objects can move on Web pages and respond to cursor movements. Audio is played without a plug-in on HTML5, and interactive three-dimensional effects can be created using a computer's graphics processor via WebGL technology. In addition, video can be embedded in a Web page without a plug-in, and interactive games can operate with just a Web browser without installing other software or plug-ins. Silicon Valley investor Roger McNamee projects that HTML5 will enable artists, media firms, and advertisers to differentiate their Web offerings in ways that were previously impractical. Binvisions.com reports that about one-third of the 100 most popular Web sites used HTML5 in the quarter that ended in September. Google, Microsoft, the Mozilla Foundation, and Opera Software are adding momentum to HTML5 by building support for the standard into their latest Web browsers.

Wednesday, November 2, 2011

Blog: Socialbots Used by Researchers to 'Steal' Facebook Data

Socialbots Used by Researchers to 'Steal' Facebook Data
BBC News (11/02/11)

University of British Columbia (UBC) researchers were able to collect 46,500 email addresses and 14,500 home addresses from Facebook by using socialbots. Socialbots are a social networking adaptation of botnets that criminals can use to send out spam. The malware takes control of a social networking profile and performs basic activities such as posting messages and sending requests. Over the course of eight weeks, the UBC team used 102 socialbots and one botmaster to attempt to make friends with 8,570 Facebook users, and 3,055 accepted the friendships. Facebook users with the most friends were more likely to accept a socialbot as a friend. The team had the socialbots send only 25 requests a day to keep from triggering Facebook's fraud detection software. "As socialbots infiltrate a targeted online social network, they can further harvest private users' data, such as email addresses, phone numbers, and other personal data that have monetary value," the researchers say.

Tuesday, November 1, 2011

Blog: Researchers Defeat CAPTCHA on Popular Websites

Researchers Defeat CAPTCHA on Popular Websites
IDG News Service (11/01/11) Lucian Constantin

Stanford University researchers have developed an automated tool that can decipher Completely Automated Public Turing tests to tell Computers and Humans Apart (CAPTCHAs), which are used by many Web sites as an anti-spam test. The Stanford team, led by researchers Elie Bursztein, Matthieu Martin, and John C. Mitchel, developed various methods of cleaning up purposefully introduced background noise and breaking text strings into individual characters for easier recognition. Some of the CAPTCHA-breaking algorithms are based on tools used by robots to orient themselves in new environments. The researchers created Decaptcha, which was run against CAPTCHAs used by 15 high-profile Web sites. The only tested site that could not be broken was Google. The researchers also developed several recommendations to improve CAPTCHA security, including randomizing the length of the text string, randomizing the character size, applying a wave-like effect to the output, and using collapsing or lines in the background.

Monday, October 24, 2011

Blog: XML Encryption Cracked, Exposing Real Threat to Online Transactions

XML Encryption Cracked, Exposing Real Threat to Online Transactions
Government Computer News (10/24/11) William Jackson

Ruhr-University Bochum researchers have demonstrated a technique for breaking the encryption used to secure data in online transactions, posing a serious threat on all currently used implementations of XML encryption. The attack can recover 160 bytes of a plain-text message in 10 seconds and decrypt larger amounts of data at the same pace, according to the researchers. The attack exploits weaknesses in the cipher-block chaining (CBC) mode of operation that is commonly used with many cryptographic algorithms, making it possible to also use the attack against non-XML implementations. "I would not be surprised to see variants of this attack applied to other protocols, when CBC mode is used in similar context," says the World Wide Web Consortium's (W3C's) Thomas Roessler. The researchers recommend fixing existing CBC implementations or developing secure new implementations without changing the XML Encryption standard. Roessler says such a change should be simple because the XML Encryption standard is not specific to any algorithm or mode of operation. He notes that W3C's XML Security Working Group is developing a set of mandatory algorithms used in XML Encryption to include use of only non-CBC modes of operation.

Wednesday, September 7, 2011

Blog: New Forensics Tool Can Expose All Your Online Activity

New Forensics Tool Can Expose All Your Online Activity
New Scientist (09/07/11) Jamie Condliffe

Software developed by researchers from Stanford University can be used to bypass the encryption on a personal computer's hard drive to find what Web sites a user has visited and whether any data has been stored in the cloud. The team launched the Windows-based open source software, Offline Windows Analysis and Data Extraction (OWADE), at the Black Hat 2011 security conference. Most sensitive data on a hard drive, including browsing history, site logins, and passwords, uses an algorithm to generate an encryption key based on the standard Windows login. Elie Bursztein and colleagues discovered how to decrypt the files a year ago. OWADE combines their knowledge of how this system works with existing data-extraction techniques into a single forensics package. "We've built a tool that can reconstruct where the user has been online, and what identity they used," Bursztein says. Law enforcement would be able to use the tool to track sex offenders, but people who want to remain anonymous could potentially exploit the software and develop new ways of avoiding being caught.

Tuesday, September 6, 2011

Blog: NSA Extends Label-Based Security to Big Data Stores (key/value data stores - NoSQL]

NSA Extends Label-Based Security to Big Data Stores
IDG News Service (09/06/11) Joab Jackson

The U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) recently submitted Accumulo, new label-based data store software, to the Apache Software Foundation, hoping that more parties will continue to develop the technology for use in future secure systems. "We have made much progress in developing this project over the past [three] years and believe both the project and the interested communities would benefit from this work being openly available and having open development," say the NSA developers. Accumulo, which is based on Google's BigTable design, is a key/value data store, in which providing the system with the key will return the data associated with that key. Accumulo also can be run on multiple servers, making it a good candidate for big data systems. The system's defining feature is the ability to tag each data cell with a label, and a section called column visibility that can store the labels. "The access labels in Accumulo do not in themselves provide a complete security solution, but are a mechanism for labeling each piece of data with the authorizations that are necessary to see it," the NSA says. The new label-based storage system could be the basis of other secure data store-based systems, which could be used by healthcare, government agencies, and other parties with strict security and privacy requirements.

Thursday, August 4, 2011

Blog: Wireless Network in Hospital Monitors Vital Signs

Wireless Network in Hospital Monitors Vital Signs
Washington University in St. Louis (08/04/11) Diana Lutz

Washington University in St. Louis researchers launched a prototype sensor network in Barnes-Jewish Hospital, with the goal of creating a wireless virtual intensive-care unit in which the patents are free to move around. When the system is fully operational, sensors will monitor the blood oxygenation level and heart rate of at-risk patients once or twice a minute. The data is transmitted to a base station and combined with other data in the patient's electronic medical record. The data is analyzed by a machine-learning algorithm that looks for signs of clinical deterioration, alerting nurses to check on patients when those signs are found. The clinical warning system is part of a new wireless health field that could change the future of medicine, says Washington University in St. Louis computer scientist Chenyang Lu. In developing the system, the researchers were focused on ensuring that the network would always function and never fail. The relay nodes are programmed as a self-organizing mesh network, so that if one node fails the data will be rerouted to another path. At the end of the trial, the researchers found that data were reliably received more than 99 percent of the time and the sensing reliability was 81 percent.

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Wednesday, July 27, 2011

Blog: Protecting Networks Is Just a Game

Protecting Networks Is Just a Game
EurekAlert (07/27/11)

A defensive strategy for computer networks based on game theory is more effective than previous methods, says Iona College information technologist Heechang Shin, who developed an anti-hacking tool that plays a game of reality versus forecast. Called defensive forecasting, the tool wins when reality matches its forecast, and then sends out an alert to block an attempt to attack the computer network. The tool works on real-time data flowing in and out of the network, rather than analyzing logs, and detects intrusions as they are happening. Shin's game theory model continuously trains the tool so that it can recognize the patterns of typical network attacks. To measure the effectiveness of the tool, Shin compared it using the semi-synthetic dataset generated from a raw TCP/IP dump data by simulating a typical U.S. Air Force local-area network to a network intrusion system based on a support vector machine (SVM), which is one of the best classification methods for detection. During testing, the tool was as good or better than one based on SVM for detecting network intrusion while adding the benefits of real-time detection.

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Monday, July 25, 2011

Blog: Sandia's CANARY Software Protects Water Utilities From Terrorist Attacks and Contaminants, Boosts Quality

Sandia's CANARY Software Protects Water Utilities From Terrorist Attacks and Contaminants, Boosts Quality
Sandia National Laboratories (07/25/11) Heather Clark

Researchers at Sandia National Laboratories and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency have developed the CANARY Event Detection Software, an open source program that monitors public water systems to protect them from terrorist attacks or natural contaminants. The CANARY software tells utility operators whether something is wrong with their water system within minutes. CANARY can be customized for individual utility systems with their own sensors and software, according to Sandia's Sean McKenna. The researchers used algorithms to analyze data coming from multiple sensors and differentiate between natural variability and unusual patterns that indicate a problem. When new data is received, CANARY determines whether it is close enough to a known cluster to be considered normal or whether it is far enough away to be deemed anomalous. An unintended benefit of the software is that when utility operators better understood the data being sent by their sensors, they could make changes to the management of the water systems to improve its overall quality.

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Blog: Minority Rules: Scientists Discover Tipping Point for the Spread of Ideas

Minority Rules: Scientists Discover Tipping Point for the Spread of Ideas
RPI News (07/25/11) Gabrielle DeMarco

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute researchers have found that just 10 percent of a population is enough to sway the majority of a society. The researchers used computational and analytical methods to discover the tipping point in which a minority belief becomes the majority opinion. The research also found that the percent of committed opinion holders required to shift majority opinion does not change significantly with the type of network in which the opinion holders are working. The researchers developed computer models of three types of social networks. The first network had each person connect to every other person in the network, the second model had a few individuals serve as hubs, and the third model gave every person in the network about the same number of connections. After the networks were constructed, the researchers planted a few "true" believers into each of the networks. As the true believers began to interact with the others in the network, the opinion of a majority of the individuals gradually, and then very rapidly, began to shift.

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Blog: Cornell Computers Spot 'Opinion Spam'

Cornell Computers Spot 'Opinion Spam'
Cornell Chronicle (07/25/11) Bill Steele

Cornell University researchers have developed software that can identify opinion spam, which are phony positive reviews created by sellers to help sell their products, or negative reviews meant to downgrade competitors. In a test of 800 reviews of Chicago-area hotels, the program was able to identify deceptive reviews with almost 90 percent accuracy. The researchers, led by professors Claire Cardie and Jeff Hancock, found that truthful hotel reviews were more likely to contain concrete words that had to do with the hotel, such as "bathroom," "check-in," or "price," while deceptive reviews contained scene-setting words, such as "vacation," "business trip," and "my husband." In general, deceivers use more verbs and honest reviewers use more nouns. The researchers found that the best results came from combining keyword analysis with the ways certain words are combined in pairs. The next step will be to see if the system can be extended to other categories, such as restaurants and consumer products, says Cornell graduate student Myle Ott.

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Thursday, January 6, 2011

Blog: CMU Research Finds Regional Dialects Are Alive and Well on Twitter

CMU Research Finds Regional Dialects Are Alive and Well on Twitter
Carnegie Mellon News (PA) (01/06/11) Byron Spice

Regional slang is evident in Twitter postings, but such dialects appear to be evolving in social media, as determined by a Twitter word usage analysis method developed by Jacob Eisenstein and colleagues in Carnegie Mellon University's (CMU's) Machine Learning Department. Eisenstein says Twitter offers a new means of examining regional lexicon, since tweets are informal and conversational, while tweeters using cell phones can opt to tag their messages with global positioning system coordinates. The CMU researchers collected seven days' worth of Twitter messages in March 2010, and chose geotagged messages from Twitter users who wrote at least 20 messages. From this they generated a database of 9,500 users and 380,000 messages. The team used a statistical model to identify regional variation in word use and topics that could predict the geographical whereabouts of a microblogger in the continental United States with a median error of approximately 300 miles. The researchers can only speculate on the profiles of the microbloggers, and Eisenstein says it is reasonable to assume that users who send many tweets via cell phone are younger than average Twitter users--and this appears to be mirrored by the subjects these users tend to discuss. Through automated analysis of Twitter message streams, linguists can observe the real-time evolution of regional dialects.

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Wednesday, January 5, 2011

Blog: Apache Object-Oriented Data Project Goes Top-Level

Apache Object-Oriented Data Project Goes Top-Level
eWeek (01/05/11) Darryl K. Taft

The Apache Software Foundation (ASF) announced that its Object-Oriented Data Technology (OODT) has moved from the Apache Incubator to become a top-level project (TLP). Apache OODT is middleware and metadata used for computer processing workflow, hardware, and file management. The OODT system enables distributed computing and data resources to be searched by any user. The platform is used at the U.S. National Cancer Institute's Early Detection Research Network, as well as by several programs at the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). "OODT had been successfully operating within the [Jet Propulsion Laboratory] for years; the time had come to realize the benefits of open source in the broader, external community," says Apache OODT's Chris Mattmann. OODT is the first NASA-developed project to become an ASF TLP. "The Apache Software Foundation has a long history of software innovation through collaboration--the larger the pool of potential contributors, the more innovation we see," Mattmann says.

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Monday, January 3, 2011

Blog: Mathematical Model Shows How Groups Split Into Factions

Mathematical Model Shows How Groups Split Into Factions
Cornell Chronicle (01/03/11) Bill Steele

A mathematical model of how social networks evolve into opposing factions under strain has been developed by Cornell researchers. Earlier models of structural balance demonstrate that under suitable conditions, a group conflict will facilitate a split into just two factions, while the new model indicates how friendships and rivalries change over time and who ends up on each side. The model consists of a simple differential equation applied to a grid of numbers that can stand for relationships between persons, countries, or corporations. Cornell's Seth Marvel says people may forge alliances based on shared values, or may consider the social effects of allying with a specific individual. "The model shows that the latter is sufficient to divide a group into two factions," Marvel says. The model traces the division of groups to unbalanced relationship triangles that trigger changes that spread throughout the entire network. All too frequently the final state is comprised of two factions, each with all favorable links among themselves and all negative connections with members of the opposing faction. The model shows that if the average strength of ties across the entire system is positive, then it evolves into a single, all-positive network.

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Tuesday, November 16, 2010

Blog: ECS Researcher Highlights Need for Transparency on the Web

ECS Researcher Highlights Need for Transparency on the Web
University of Southampton (United Kingdom) (11/16/10) Joyce Lewis

The complex flows of information on the Web make it difficult to determine where information originates from, says University of Southampton professor Luc Moreau. "This is a challenge since we want to be able to establish the exact source of information, we want to decide whether information has been altered, and by whom, we want to corroborate and possibly reproduce such information, and ultimately we want to decide whether the information comes from a trustworthy source," Moreau says. The solution lies in provenance, which focuses on establishing that an object has not been forged or altered, and could apply to computer-generated data. He says enabling users to determine where data comes from and decide if it is trustworthy will lead to a new generation of Web services that are capable of producing trusted information. Moreau notes that systems would become transparent as a result of provenance. "Our aim, with the community of researchers, is to establish a standard method to ascertain the provenance of information on the Web," he says.

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